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Cite in-text as a personal communication; include initials and last name of the person s and the full date. Citation: the basic, pertinent information needed to find the full text of a publication.

Note: When using multiple authors' names as part of your narrative, rather than in parentheses, always spell out the word and. If the paragraphs are not numbered and the document includes headings, provide the appropriate heading and specify the paragraph under that heading. Reference entry All things Nittany.

Penn State University Libraries

APA American Psychological Association is most commonly used to cite sources within the health sciences and social sciences fields. How you cite a working within your document varies depending on your writing style, whether you are quoting your source directly, and the type of source you are quorting. When using APA format, follow the author-date method of in-text citation. This means that the author's last name and the year of publication for the source should appear in the text, E. If you are referring to an idea from another work but NOT directly quoting the material, or making reference to an entire book, article or other work, you only have to make reference to the author and year of publication in your in-text reference. The examples below attempt to address most of your in-text citing needs. Introduce the quotation with a signal phrase that includes the author's last name followed by the date of publication in parentheses. If the author is not named in a signal phrase, place the author's last name, the year of publication, and the page number in parentheses after the quotation. Long Quotations Place direct quotations longer than 40 words in a free-standing block of typewritten lines, and omit quotation marks. Start the quotation on a new line, indented five spaces from the left margin. Type the entire quotation on the new margin, and indent the first line of any subsequent paragraph within the quotation five spaces from the new margin. The parenthetical citation should come after the closing punctuation mark. Jones's 1998 study found the following: Students often had difficulty using APA style, especially when it was their first time citing sources. This difficulty could be attributed to the fact that many students failed to purchase a style manual or to ask their teacher for help. According to Jones 1998 , APA style is a difficult citation format for first-time learners. APA style is a difficult citation format for first-time learners Jones, 1998, p. Citing an Author or Authors A Work by Two Authors: Name both authors in the signal phrase or in the parentheses each time you cite the work. In the reference list, use the name Anonymous as the author. Organization as an Author: If the author is an organization or a government agency, mention the organization in the signal phrase or in the parenthetical citation the first time you cite the source. Sources Without Page Numbers When an electronic source lacks page numbers, you should try to include information that will help readers find the passage being cited. If the paragraphs are not numbered and the document includes headings, provide the appropriate heading and specify the paragraph under that heading. Note that in some electronic sources, like Web pages, people can use the Find function in their browser to locate any passages you cite.

In-Text Citations As with other APA Style references, the in-text citations will match the between name s and the year. Title of book: Subtitle of book. Write the title in mixed case and in quotations marks. Retrieved from home URL for authoritative website Author's Last Name, First Initial. New York, NY: Oxford University Press. For example: This suggests that familiarity with nonnative speech in general, although it is clearly not as important a variable as topic familiarity, may indeed have some effect. This means that the author's last name and the year of publication for the source should appear in the text, E. Bibliography: a note of citations that appears at the end of a paper, article, chapter, or book. Utah county facts book.